Arugula

Scientific Name

Eruca sativa

Description

Arugula, also known as Eruca sativa, is a leafy green vegetable belonging to the Brassicaceae family, which includes other popular plants such as broccoli, cabbage, and kale. Recognized for its distinctive, peppery flavor, arugula is often used in salads, sandwiches, and as a garnish. The leaves are typically tender and can vary in shape from lobed to elongated, with a deep green color.

Arugula is a cool-season crop, thriving in temperate climates and often planted in early spring or fall. It prefers well-drained soil enriched with organic matter and benefits from consistent moisture. Seeds can be sown directly outdoors or started indoors for later transplanting. The plant grows quickly, with a typical harvest time of about 30 to 50 days after sowing.

Arugula is not just appreciated for its taste; it is also a nutritional powerhouse, rich in vitamins A, C, and K, as well as calcium and iron. Its high antioxidant content makes it a healthy addition to various diets. Additionally, arugula can attract beneficial insects like pollinators, making it a great companion plant for home gardens.

One consideration for growing arugula is its tendency to bolt (flower) in hot weather, which can lead to a bitter taste. To enjoy the best flavor, it’s generally recommended to harvest the leaves when they are young and tender. Overall, arugula is a versatile and easy-to-grow plant, ideal for both beginner and experienced gardeners.

Where it Grows

When to Plant

Planting Arugula: Timing and Conditions

Arugula (Eruca sativa), also known as rocket or roquette, is a popular leafy green known for its peppery flavor. Successful growth starts with proper timing, which depends on your specific climate and the growing conditions.

Best Planting Time

1. Spring Planting:

   • Arugula thrives in cooler temperatures, so the best time to plant in spring is approximately 2 to 4 weeks before the last expected frost.
   • When the soil temperature reaches around 40°F (4°C), you can begin planting.

2. Fall Planting:

   • For a fall harvest, sow seeds about 6 to 8 weeks before the first expected frost.
   • Aim for a window when temperatures are consistently between 45°F (7°C) and 70°F (21°C) for optimal growth.

3. Continuous Growing:

   • In areas with milder winters, arugula can be grown almost year-round. In such cases, it's helpful to use row covers or cloches to protect seedlings from frost.

Signs That It's Time to Plant

• Soil Temperature: Use a soil thermometer to check that the temperature is suitable for germination. Ideal soil temperatures are between 45°F and 75°F (7°C to 24°C).

• Frost Dates: Consult local frost date calendars to determine when the last frost occurs in spring and the first frost in fall for your area.

• Soil Preparation: Ensure the soil is workable and has been prepared, as arugula does best in well-draining, nutrient-rich soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0.

Sowing Seeds

• Seeds can be sown directly into the garden bed or into containers. When planting, space seeds about 1 inch apart, and cover them with about 1/4 inch of soil.

• Thin seedlings to allow for adequate space as they grow. Ideally, plants should be spaced about 6 to 12 inches apart to ensure good airflow and sunlight exposure.

By monitoring local climatic conditions and being aware of the optimal temperature ranges, you can maximize your chances of a bountiful arugula harvest. Happy gardening!

How to Plant

Planting arugula, a peppery leafy green, is relatively straightforward and rewarding for amateur gardeners. Arugula thrives in cool weather, making it ideal for spring and fall planting.

1. Site Selection: Choose a location that receives full sun or partial shade. Ensure the soil is well-draining and rich in organic matter. Ideally, the pH should be between 6.0 and 7.0.

2. Soil Preparation: Loosen the soil to a depth of about 12 inches and incorporate compost or well-rotted manure to enhance fertility.

3. Sowing Seeds: Arugula can be direct-seeded into the garden. Sow the seeds about ¼ inch deep and 1 inch apart in rows that are about 12 inches apart. For continuous harvest, stagger plantings every 2 to 3 weeks.

4. Watering: Water the seeds gently but thoroughly to ensure good seed-to-soil contact. Keep the soil consistently moist, especially during germination, which typically occurs within 5 to 10 days.

5. Thinning: Once seedlings reach about 2 inches tall, thin them to 4 to 6 inches apart to allow for proper growth.

With these steps, your arugula will flourish, providing fresh greens for salads and culinary uses!

Watering

When watering arugula (Eruca sativa), consistent moisture is key to ensure robust growth and tender leaves. The best strategy is to water deeply but infrequently, allowing the top inch of soil to dry out between watering sessions. This encourages the development of a strong root system while preventing waterlogged conditions, which can lead to root rot.

Ideal watering should occur in the morning to minimize evaporation and fungal diseases. Aim to provide about 1 inch of water per week, adjusting based on rainfall and environmental conditions. For container-grown arugula, check moisture levels more frequently, as pots can dry out faster. During hot weather or dry spells, increase the frequency but maintain that balance of moisture. Additionally, applying a layer of mulch can help retain soil moisture and regulate temperature, promoting healthy plant growth.

Pruning

Pruning arugula (Eruca sativa) primarily involves harvesting rather than traditional pruning, as this leafy green thrives on regular clipping to encourage growth. The best strategy is to use sharp, clean scissors or garden shears to snip off the outer leaves, leaving the inner leaves intact. This method promotes bushier growth and prolongs the harvest period. Aim to cut leaves when they are young and tender, ideally around 2-3 inches long, as older leaves can become bitter.

It’s crucial to prune in the morning when the leaves are crisp, ensuring fresher taste and texture. Allowing for a few leaves at the center ensures continued growth. Regular harvesting every couple of weeks prevents flowering, which can occur if the plant is left unattended, leading to a decrease in leaf quality and flavor. In essence, consistent harvesting is key to maintaining a healthy and productive arugula plant.

Weeding

Weeding is crucial for maintaining the health of arugula (Eruca sativa) plants, as it prevents competition for nutrients and water. The best strategy involves a combination of manual and preventive methods.

Firstly, hand-pull weeds to minimize damage to the shallow-rooted arugula. It's best to weed when the soil is moist, as this makes it easier to remove the entire root system. Focus on weeds that grow close to the arugula to avoid disturbing the crops.

Mulching can also be an effective preventive method. Applying a layer of organic mulch, such as straw or shredded leaves, around the plants can suppress weed growth while retaining soil moisture and regulating temperature.

Regularly check your garden, especially in the early morning or after rainfall, to catch weeds before they establish. Incorporate weeding into your routine during the growing season to ensure optimal growth for your arugula.

Mulching

Mulching arugula is an effective strategy to enhance growth and protect the plants. A good mulch layer helps retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature, all beneficial for arugula, which prefers cooler conditions.

To mulch arugula, start by waiting until the seedlings are about 2–3 inches tall. This prevents smothering the young plants. Using organic materials like straw, shredded leaves, or grass clippings is ideal. Apply a 1–2 inch layer around the base of the plants, ensuring it does not touch the stems to avoid rot.

Additionally, mulching can prevent soil erosion and reduce the risk of fungal diseases by maintaining a barrier between the soil and the leaves. Replenish mulch as it decomposes or is displaced by weather. With proper mulching, your arugula can thrive, providing bountiful, peppery leaves for your salads.

Fertilizing

Fertilizing arugula (Eruca sativa) effectively can enhance its growth and flavor. The best strategy involves choosing a balanced fertilizer, ideally one low in nitrogen, to prevent excessive leaf growth at the expense of flavor. A slow-release, organic fertilizer with an N-P-K ratio of around 5-10-10 is often effective.

Fertilize arugula at planting time by mixing the granules into the soil to provide a nutrient-rich foundation. After about four weeks, you can apply a diluted liquid fertilizer every two weeks to support ongoing growth, especially when you notice the plants are beginning to bolt or flower.

Keep in mind that arugula prefers well-draining soil with ample organic matter. It's also essential to avoid over-fertilization, which can lead to bitterness in the leaves. Monitoring soil moisture and fertility will help ensure optimal growth and flavor during the short growing season of arugula.

Varieties

Common Varieties of Arugula

Arugula, also known as rocket or Eruca sativa, is a leafy green known for its peppery flavor and nutritional benefits. Within the Arugula species, there are several common varieties that cater to different tastes, growing conditions, and culinary uses. Below are the main varieties that amateur gardeners and hobbyists may consider for their gardens:

1. Wild Arugula (Diplotaxis tenuifolia)

Wild Arugula is a perennial species that is often considered to have a more intense flavor compared to its cultivated counterparts. This variety has narrower and crinkled leaves, and it tends to bolt (flower) more easily, especially in warm weather. Due to its robust taste, it is preferred by some chefs for salads and garnishes.

2. Savory Arugula (Eruca sativa ‘Savory’)

This cultivated variety is specifically appreciated for its balanced flavor, which is milder than that of Wild Arugula. Savory Arugula typically features large, tender leaves that are perfect for salads and culinary dishes. It is a popular choice among home gardeners due to its versatility in the kitchen.

3. Astro Arugula (Eruca sativa ‘Astro’)

Astro Arugula is well-known for its exceptional cold tolerance and rapid growth rate. This variety produces smooth, broad, and succulent leaves. It has a slightly milder flavor than the wild types and is often preferred for easy harvesting. Astro Arugula is ideal for early spring and fall planting.

4. Wasabi Arugula (Eruca sativa ‘Wasabi’)

As the name suggests, Wasabi Arugula offers a unique flavor that is reminiscent of horseradish and wasabi. The leaves are slightly more serrated than standard arugula, and the plant thrives in various growing conditions. It is an excellent choice for those looking to add a spicy kick to salads and other dishes.

5. Rocket (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa)

Often grouped under the general term "rocket," this variety is sometimes specifically bred for its fast growth and large, tender leaves. Common in European cuisine, rocket varieties are less intense in flavor but still provide a delightful addition to salads and sandwiches.

6. Arugula Microgreens

While not a distinct variety, arugula microgreens refer to the young seedlings harvested just after the first leaves develop. These tiny greens possess the same peppery flavor of mature arugula and are great for garnishing and adding flavor to dishes. They can be grown in small pots or trays, making them suitable for indoor gardening.

Tips for Growing Arugula Varieties

• Growing Conditions: Arugula thrives in cool weather and can be planted in spring or fall. It prefers well-drained soil enriched with organic matter.
• Spacing and Sun: Space plants about 4-6 inches apart and provide partial to full sun exposure.
• Harvesting: Harvest leaves when they reach about 3-4 inches in height, starting from the outer leaves to encourage continuous growth.
• Pest Management: Keep an eye out for pests like aphids and caterpillars. Organic insecticidal soap can help manage infestations.

By understanding the various types of arugula and their unique characteristics, gardeners can choose the variety that best fits their taste preferences and local growing conditions. Whether you're looking for a mild flavor for salads or a more intense peppery kick, arugula offers something for every palate.

Nutritional Composition (per 100g)

Nutrient	Amount per 100g	% Daily Value
Calories	25	1%
Protein	2.6g	5%
Total Fat	0.7g	1%
Saturated Fat	0.1g	1%
Carbohydrates	3.7g	1%
Dietary Fiber	1.6g	6%
Sugars	1.9g	N/A
Calcium	160mg	16%
Iron	1.5mg	8%
Magnesium	47mg	12%
Potassium	491mg	14%
Vitamin A	142µg	16%
Vitamin C	15mg	25%
Vitamin K	108.6µg	121%
Folate	142µg	35%

Health Benefits

Arugula, also known as rocket or salad rocket, is a leafy green vegetable belonging to the Brassica family, which includes kale, broccoli, and cabbage. It offers a variety of health and wellness benefits, making it a popular choice among health-conscious gardeners and amateur chefs.

First and foremost, arugula is rich in vitamins and minerals. It is an excellent source of vitamins A, C, and K, which are essential for maintaining good vision, skin health, and proper blood clotting, respectively. The presence of antioxidants in arugula also helps combat oxidative stress in the body, potentially reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Additionally, arugula is low in calories and packed with dietary fiber, making it a fantastic addition to weight-loss diets. Its fiber content promotes digestive health and aids in maintaining satiety, thereby curbing overeating.

Furthermore, arugula contains compounds like glucosinolates, which may have anti-cancer properties. These compounds are believed to support liver health and help detoxify the body. Consuming arugula regularly can contribute to overall wellness, making it a beneficial choice for both gardeners and those looking to enhance their diets.

Fun Facts

Fun Facts About Arugula (Eruca sativa)

• Peppery Flavor: Arugula, also known as rocket or rucola, has a distinct peppery taste that can add a bold flavor to salads, sandwiches, and pizzas, making it a favorite among culinary enthusiasts.

• Fast Growth: This leafy green is known for its quick growth cycle, typically maturing in just 40 to 50 days from seed to harvest, making it an ideal choice for home gardeners looking for rapid results.

• Rich in Nutrients: Arugula is packed with vitamins A, C, and K, as well as folate, calcium, and iron, making it a nutritious addition to your diet that can contribute to overall health.

• Historical Significance: This leafy green has been cultivated since Roman times and was even mentioned in ancient texts for its medicinal properties, highlighting its long-standing importance in both culinary and herbal practices.

• Varieties: While the common arugula is widely recognized, there are several types, including wild arugula (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) and different cultivated varieties that vary in flavor intensity and leaf shape, providing options for diverse palates.